Device
In some Unix-like systems, most device files are managed as part of a virtual file system traditionally mounted at /dev.
Devices
Normal Disks (/dev/hda1)
By convention:
/dev/hd{x}: IDE controllers devices. E.g./dev/hda,/dev/hdb,/dev/hdc./dev/sd{x}: SCSI and SATA controllers devices. (Hard disk and SATA SSD) E.g./dev/sda,/dev/sdb,/dev/sdc./dev/nvme{disk}n{namespace}p{partition}: NVMe SSD. E.g./dev/nvme0n1p6equivalent to/dev/sda6
Configurable: The device names are determined by the udev configuration /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules.
Diskless instances: use local ram (tmpfs) or remote HDD / SSD (accessible via iscsi).
Network Block Device (/dev/nb0)
Every time the client computer wants to read, e.g., /dev/nb0, it sends a request over TCP to the server, which will reply with the data read.
This can be used for stations with low disk space (or even diskless) to borrow disk space from another computer.
Unlike NFS, it is possible to put any filesystem on it, etc. It should even be possible to use NBD as a root filesystem, but it requires a user-level program to be in the initrd to start. It also allows you to run block-device in user land (making server and client physically the same computer, communicating using loopback).
Loopback (/dev/loop1)
/dev/loop* are loop devices making plain files accessible as block devices.
Loopback device: a virtual device that can be used like any other media device. The loopback filesystem associates a file on another filesystem as a complete device.
LVM / Device Mapper (/dev/mapper)
Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a device mapper framework; can have their root file systems on a logical volume.
device-mapper is in the kernel, LVM2 tools are in userspace.
The device mapper is a framework provided by the Linux kernel for mapping physical block devices onto higher-level virtual block devices. It forms the foundation of the logical volume manager (LVM), software RAIDs and dm-crypt disk encryption, and offers additional features such as file system snapshots.
The entries in /dev/mapper are LVM logical volumes. You can think of these as Linux's native partition type. Linux can also use other partition types, such as PC (MBR or GPT) partitions.
Note that the Linux device mapper is used for other things besides LVM (such as dm-crypt disk encryption), so files in /dev/mapper aren't necessarily LVM logical volumes.
Ramdisk (e.g. /dev/ram0)
Ramdisk: is a block of random-access memory (primary storage or volatile memory) that a computer's software is treating as if the memory were a disk drive.
The device does not refer to any physical hardware, but to a portion of memory that is set aside for the purpose.
/boot/efi
The /boot/efi system partition is simply the boot partition created when the computers mother board runs UEFI rather than BIOS.
Controlling daemon
Monitors hardware addition and removal at run time, making corresponding changes to the device file system
- BSD:
devfs, in kernel space - Linux:
udev, in user space
Check by df:
Linux:
Filesystem ... Mounted on
udev ... /dev
BSD:
Filesystem ... Mounted on
devfs /dev
XFS
$ sudo apt-get install xfsprogs
$ sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdf
$ sudo mount -t xfs -o defaults /dev/sdf /var/www
Mount / Umount
Unix systems have a single directory tree. Mounting is the act of associating a storage device to a particular location in the directory tree, which makes a filesystem available to the system.
Assume a device is added as /mnt/vdc. Create a new folder as /dev/vdc
$ sudo mkdir /dev/vdc
Edit /etc/fstab.
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/vdc /mnt/vdc auto defaults 0 0
Mount all
$ sudo mount -a
Check by df
$ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vdc 65390 36 65354 1% /mnt/vdc
To remount
$ mount -o remount /dev/vdc
Mount disk
$ mount /dev/sdf /mnt/workspace
umount: it seems [device] is mounted multiple times
Error:
$ umount /dev/[device]
umount: it seems /dev/<device> is mounted multiple times
Solution: use sudo
$ sudo umount /dev/[device]
Format a Device
Use mkfs.ext2, mkfs.ext3, mkfs.ext4 etc
$ sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/<device>
Check FS
# df -hT | awk '{print $1,$2,$NF}' | grep "^/dev"
/dev/sda3 ext4 /
/dev/sda2 ext2 /boot
/dev/sda6 ext4 /tmp
/dev/sdb1 ext4 /data1
/dev/sdc1 ext4 /data2
/dev/sdd1 ext4 /data3
cmd
mkfs -t ext2is equivalent tomke2fs- mke2fs
- tune2fs
- mkswap
mke2fs -F -j /dev/sdh
mkdir /ebs
mount /dev/sdh /ebs
copy to ebs:
dd bs=65536 if=/dev/sda1 of=/dev/sdh
fsck /dev/sdh
check
df -h
fsck /dev/sdh